DECEMBER 7th, 2009 Chapter 11.1 Natural Causes of Climate Change Notes: ·Climate describes a region’s long term weather patterns ·Earth has gone through many climate changes including ice ages and periods of warming ·Processes that contribute to climate change are complex which affect the earth’s radiation budget and heat transfer ·Several factors affect climate- greenhouse gases, Earth’s tilt and orbit, heat transfer by the oceans, and catastrophic events ( volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts) ·Not new to our planet
Describing Climate: ·Climate describes the average conditions of the atmosphere in large regions over 30 years ·Climate includes clouds, average temperature, humidity, solar radiation atmospheric pressure and wind ·British Columbia has a range of climates ·Each climate zone supports growth of specific plants and other organisms ·Biogeoclimatic zone is a region with certain types of plants, life, climate, etc
Looking Forward by Studying the Past: ·Paleoclimatologists are people who study past climates ·These scientists look for long term patterns in vast regions to help describe Earth’s climate ·They may look at plant fossils or the rings of a tree to determine if a region used to cold, hot or dry, or even use sediment deposits at the bottom of rivers. ·About 21,000 years ago BC was buried in ice ·Paleoclimatologists use ice cores, cylinders of ice to drill into thick layers of glacier to examine the change in climate. ·Scientist draw conclusion by comparing past climates with current ones ·Several factors affect climate changes:water cycle, Earth’s tilt, rotation and orbit, Composition of Earth, Carbon Cycle, Catastrophic events
The Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere: ·Natural greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere ·This helps to keep earths temp in a certain range ·Some of the suns radiation on Earth’s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere ·Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit radiation as thermal energy ØGreenhouse gases help to keep some of the energy on Earth so the temp on Earth won’t be so cold ØWithout Greenhouse gases Earth would be 34 degrees lower than it is today ·Earth is used to the condition provided by Greenhouse gases for it has resulted from a balance of heat and solar radiation Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and Orbit ·Three characteristic of Earth’s movement affects the global climate: Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and orbit ·Form higher latitudes one of the most noticeable features of climate is the change in seasons ·Earth experiences seasons because of its tilt and orbit around the sun ·The angle of incidence is so large that the solar radiation hitting the Northern hemisphere in winter is low ·During summer the North hemisphere is tilted towards the sun; therefore, at that this time it receives a lot of radiation making it warmer ·If Earth did not have a tilt the change in season would be less noticeable ·Seasonal changes are most extreme when Earth Tilt is at its greatest ·Earth’s rotation has a wobble just like a top wobbles as it spins on a flat surface, as the top wobbles it traces out a circle ·Earth north pole is now pointing at a star called the Polaris but in 12 000 years it will then face the Vega changing the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays on Earth ·Earth’s Rotation is oval but in 100 000 years the shape of the path will change ·Sometime the orbit becomes more circular and at times less so this affects the amount of solar radiation hitting Earth from the sun.
Water Cycle: ·The water cycle describes the circulation of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface. ·At different stages the water’s state changes ·Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas ·High temps increase the evaporation of water and the capacity of air to hold water vapour ·As yearly temp increase the amount of water vapour the atmosphere holds increases
Ocean Currents: ·Convection currents in the ocean transport large amounts of heat around the globe. ·Deep ocean currents occur below 500 metres ·Surface currents extend to 500 metres or up ·Sinking and rising of deep ocean waters produces convection currents ØThey act as global conveyer belts that transport water and thermal energy around Earth ·Cold water is denser than warm and salty is denser than fresh ·Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in the density of water ·Climate and ocean currents have a two way relationships because of the effects of evaporation and precipitation and the effects of melting and freezing. ·Evaporation of warm surface waters leaves behind salt; conversely, precipitation adds waterdiluting the salty water ·When ice forms salt is left behind; however, when ice melts it dilutes the salty water ·Surface currents exchange heat with the atmosphere affecting temp and climate ·Wind and Earth’s rotation affect the path of surface currents ·Wind drags water at the same time Earth’s rotation produces the Coriolis affect ØCurrents of air or water are deflected to the right in the northern and left in the southern hemisphere ·A transition zone called the thermocline separates the cold, deep waters from the sun-warmed surface waters ØIn the zone the water is colder El Nino and La Nina: ·Surface waters off the coast of Ecuador and Peru get unusually warm which is known as the El Nino event ·The warm waters can result in warm temperatures ·However in a La Nina event upwelling brings cooler than normal waters to the surface in the eastern pacific ocean ·The variations in the winds including El Nino and La Nina events are called El Nino- Southern Oscillation(ENSO) The Carbon Cycle: ·Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas. ØWithout it and other greenhouse gases to absorb and emit radiation the planets temp would be below freezing ØHowever too much can cause increase in temperatures ØWhat keeps it in balance? The carbon cycle does ·The carbon cycle maintains the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ·The deep oceanis considered a carbon sink which is a process that helps to keep carbon dioxide in balance ·Some of carbon dioxide absorb by the ocean is turned into bicarbonate ions which marine animals use to build shells ·Weathering releases carbon from long term storage such as carbon containing sediment built up at the bottom of oceans ·Weathering is a physical or chemical process that breaks rock into smaller pieces ØA common type of chemical weather occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid ·On land forests are important carbon sinks ØPlants remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis replacing it with oxygen ·A carbon source is something that releases carbon dioxide Catastrophic events: ·Catastrophic events are also known as large- scale disasters Øsome of these events were large volcanic eruptions which did not only produce ash and block out the sun but released water vapour and sulphur dioxide ØThey react together to form sulphuric acid which were carried by winds thousands of km reflecting solar radiation back into space resulting in lower temps in the troposphere ·Volcanic eruption can affect the climate for many years ·Larger Catastrophic events have happened when meteorites and other large pieces of rock have hit the earth from space ·The impacts hurls vaporized rock, dust, debris and gases into the atmosphere causing the atmosphere to cool
December 2, 2009
Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns
insolotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low
equator : high
albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high
forest and soils : low
weather - everything about atmosphease that is temp., atmosphaeric pressure, mosture in the atmosphease wind,ect. ---- related to wind transfer in the atmospherase
remember: mass of air N2 = 28 > water (H20) = 18
air pressure - pressure is measued in pascal (Pa ) and kilopascal (kPa) --- pressure is fores per area when at sea level appox. 101.3 kPa
other unit atm --- 101.3 * Pa = 1 atm 760 mmHg
Barometer- used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout
* Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of air
coriolois effect - changer in the direction of moving air weather or object due to earth roatation
DECEMBER 1ST, 2009
Unit 4
Chapter10.2 Notes ·Life depends on the atmosphere ·Solar radiation transfer heat from the sun to Earth ·Conduction and infrared radiation heats the atmosphere ·Atmosphere pressure, air temperature, and humidity vary throughout the atmosphere ·Weather is the conditions of an atmosphere at a specific time and place ·Only one planet discovered has water in all three states and support life, Earth
The Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere: ·Composition of a rock indicates earth once had different atmosphere – composed from volcanic gases - no oxygen gas. ·Where oxygen gas come from? -oxygen gas appeared when sunlight broke apart water molecules in the atmosphere. ·The next stage of oxygen production came much later with photosynthesis organisms. – used sunlight and carbon to produce sugar releasing oxygen in the process therefore keeping Carbon dioxide and Oxygen gas in balance. ·Air is the combination of gases in lower atmosphere near Earth’s surface ·Air made up of nitrogen (78%) oxygen(21%) and very small amounts (1%) of other gases such as methane ·Composition of the atmosphere remains fairly constant to 80km above sea level
The Layers of the Atmosphere:
·Made up of five layers which differ in altitude, chemical composition, temperature, and density- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere
Troposphere:
·Lowest layer ·18km- 16km thick ·Mass of atmosphere on top compresses it’s gas molecules making it the most dense layer ·Almost all water vapour is found here which causes weather ·Radiation from the sun affects the air ·15km above sea level,15 degrees at the bottom and -55 degrees at top ·Pollen, pollutants and ash affect composition.
Stratosphere: ·Second lowest layer ·Has dry air with few clouds ·15km to 50km above sea level, -55 degrees at bottom to 0 degrees at top ·Contains strong winds ·Acts as a barrier to help contain moisture and block out harmful radiation from the sun ·Made up of ozone layer- the layer that absorbs much UV lights from the sun.
Mesosphere: ·50 km to 80 km above sea level, 0 to 100 degrees ·Everyday millions of small pieces of dust, meteors crash through the mesosphere colliding with particles – thermal energy produced and space debris burns creating shooting stars Thermosphere ·80 to 500 km above sea level, 1500- 3000 degrees ·When charged particles of magnetic field collide with Thermosphere particles bright glow can be seen
Exosphere: ·Upper most layer ·700 km above sea level ·3000 degrees and up
Radiation and Conduction in Atmosphere:
·Almost all energy comes from the sun ·Solar radiation transfers energy when absorbed ·Insulation is the amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (measured in watts) ·A regions location affects how much insulation it gets- higher latitude the less ·Angle of incidence is the angle between a ray reaching a surface and a line perpendicular to the surface ·Higher angle of incidence= the sun’s rays is much greater ·Convection transfers thermal energy throughout the atmosphere ·Conduction transfers heat- ground transfer heat to particles in the air , then air collides with particles in lower atmosphere increasing temperature
The Radiation Budget
·Keeps incoming and outgoing energy in balance ·Solar radiation incoming Ø15% reflected by clouds Ø7% by dust Ø20% absorbed by clouds Ø58% reaches the earth’s surface Ø9% reflected back into space from surface of Earth ·Number of sources emit the radiation back through evaporation and water (23%), conduction and convection (7%) and infrared radiation ( 19%)
Albedo: ·Describes the amount of radiation reflected by a surface
November 26th, 2009 Unit 4
Chapter 10 Definitions and Notes Kinetic Molecular theory –it explains that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules). ·They move in random directions. Kinetic energy-is the energy of a particle or object due to its motion. ·When particles collide kinetic energy is transferred between them, much as a bowling ball transfers energy when hits pins. Temperature-is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in the sample of matter. ·When average kinetic energy increases so does the temperature of state (solid, liquid or gas) of the object. ·For example particles in a cold glass move slower than particles in a hot glass of water. ·Something such as hot chocolate feels hotter because the average kinetic energy is higher than that of your hand. ØTemperature Scales: ·There are three different types of temp scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin. Thermal Energy – is the total energy of all the particles in solid, liquid or gas. ·More kinetic energy the object has the more thermal it is. ·Is affected by surface area of objects. Ex: smaller bowl of soup = less thermal energy compared to a bigger bowl = more thermal energy. Potential Energy-is the stored energy of an object or particle due to position of state. ·For example the gravitational attraction between earth and a textbook. ·Potential energy increases as the molecules move further apart. Heat –is the amount of thermal energy that transfers from an area or object of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. ·Example: imagine the heat used to cook an egg. Heat flows from the frying pan to the egg increasing the eggs thermal energy, meaning the temperature increases as well. Then the egg heats up and cooks. ·There are three ways heat can be transferred- conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction-is the transfer of heat from one substance to another or within a solid by direct connect of particles. ·Conduction transfers heat from matter of high temperature to an object of lower temperature or kinetic energy. ·Most objects transfer heat but at diff rates. ·Conductors such as aluminum are good thermal conductors (material that transfer heat easily) and an insulator such as Styrofoam does not conduct heat as easily. Convection- is the transfer of heat within a fluid (substance in which particles can move freely). ·Transfers heat and matter ·Lava lamp happens because of convection ·Convection happens when the particles in a fluid move further apart then the fluid expands causing its density to decrease. ·Convection current is the continuous cycle of heating, cooling, and reheating. It is also the movement of fluid caused by density differences. Radiation – is high energy rays and particles emitted by radioactive sources. ·How does heat transfer from space to earth? By electromagnetic radiation. ·Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy by waves travelling outward in all directions from a source. ·Radiant energy is the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation. ·The only visible electromagnetic radiation is visible lights. ·Infrared radiation also known as heat radiation. ·Solar radiation is made of visible light as well as infrared and other types of radiation. ·Any material with a temp of greater then absolute zero gives off radiation.
DECEMBER 7th, 2009Chapter 11.1 Natural Causes of Climate Change Notes:
· Climate describes a region’s long term weather patterns
· Earth has gone through many climate changes including ice ages and periods of warming
· Processes that contribute to climate change are complex which affect the earth’s radiation budget and heat transfer
· Several factors affect climate- greenhouse gases, Earth’s tilt and orbit, heat transfer by the oceans, and catastrophic events ( volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts)
· Not new to our planet
Describing Climate:
· Climate describes the average conditions of the atmosphere in large regions over 30 years
· Climate includes clouds, average temperature, humidity, solar radiation atmospheric pressure and wind
· British Columbia has a range of climates
· Each climate zone supports growth of specific plants and other organisms
· Biogeoclimatic zone is a region with certain types of plants, life, climate, etc
Looking Forward by Studying the Past:
· Paleoclimatologists are people who study past climates
· These scientists look for long term patterns in vast regions to help describe Earth’s climate
· They may look at plant fossils or the rings of a tree to determine if a region used to cold, hot or dry, or even use sediment deposits at the bottom of rivers.
· About 21,000 years ago BC was buried in ice
· Paleoclimatologists use ice cores, cylinders of ice to drill into thick layers of glacier to examine the change in climate.
· Scientist draw conclusion by comparing past climates with current ones
· Several factors affect climate changes: water cycle, Earth’s tilt, rotation and orbit, Composition of Earth, Carbon Cycle, Catastrophic events
The Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere:
· Natural greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere
· This helps to keep earths temp in a certain range
· Some of the suns radiation on Earth’s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere
· Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit radiation as thermal energy
Ø Greenhouse gases help to keep some of the energy on Earth so the temp on Earth won’t be so cold
Ø Without Greenhouse gases Earth would be 34 degrees lower than it is today
· Earth is used to the condition provided by Greenhouse gases for it has resulted from a balance of heat and solar radiation
Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and Orbit
· Three characteristic of Earth’s movement affects the global climate: Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and orbit
· Form higher latitudes one of the most noticeable features of climate is the change in seasons
· Earth experiences seasons because of its tilt and orbit around the sun
· The angle of incidence is so large that the solar radiation hitting the Northern hemisphere in winter is low
· During summer the North hemisphere is tilted towards the sun; therefore, at that this time it receives a lot of radiation making it warmer
· If Earth did not have a tilt the change in season would be less noticeable
· Seasonal changes are most extreme when Earth Tilt is at its greatest
· Earth’s rotation has a wobble just like a top wobbles as it spins on a flat surface, as the top wobbles it traces out a circle
· Earth north pole is now pointing at a star called the Polaris but in 12 000 years it will then face the Vega changing the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays on Earth
· Earth’s Rotation is oval but in 100 000 years the shape of the path will change
· Sometime the orbit becomes more circular and at times less so this affects the amount of solar radiation hitting Earth from the sun.
Water Cycle:
· The water cycle describes the circulation of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface.
· At different stages the water’s state changes
· Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas
· High temps increase the evaporation of water and the capacity of air to hold water vapour
· As yearly temp increase the amount of water vapour the atmosphere holds increases
Ocean Currents:
· Convection currents in the ocean transport large amounts of heat around the globe.
· Deep ocean currents occur below 500 metres
· Surface currents extend to 500 metres or up
· Sinking and rising of deep ocean waters produces convection currents
Ø They act as global conveyer belts that transport water and thermal energy around Earth
· Cold water is denser than warm and salty is denser than fresh
· Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in the density of water
· Climate and ocean currents have a two way relationships because of the effects of evaporation and precipitation and the effects of melting and freezing.
· Evaporation of warm surface waters leaves behind salt; conversely, precipitation adds water diluting the salty water
· When ice forms salt is left behind; however, when ice melts it dilutes the salty water
· Surface currents exchange heat with the atmosphere affecting temp and climate
· Wind and Earth’s rotation affect the path of surface currents
· Wind drags water at the same time Earth’s rotation produces the Coriolis affect
Ø Currents of air or water are deflected to the right in the northern and left in the southern hemisphere
· A transition zone called the thermocline separates the cold, deep waters from the sun-warmed surface waters
Ø In the zone the water is colder
El Nino and La Nina:
· Surface waters off the coast of Ecuador and Peru get unusually warm which is known as the El Nino event
· The warm waters can result in warm temperatures
· However in a La Nina event upwelling brings cooler than normal waters to the surface in the eastern pacific ocean
· The variations in the winds including El Nino and La Nina events are called El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
The Carbon Cycle:
· Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas.
Ø Without it and other greenhouse gases to absorb and emit radiation the planets temp would be below freezing
Ø However too much can cause increase in temperatures
Ø What keeps it in balance? The carbon cycle does
· The carbon cycle maintains the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
· The deep ocean is considered a carbon sink which is a process that helps to keep carbon dioxide in balance
· Some of carbon dioxide absorb by the ocean is turned into bicarbonate ions which marine animals use to build shells
· Weathering releases carbon from long term storage such as carbon containing sediment built up at the bottom of oceans
· Weathering is a physical or chemical process that breaks rock into smaller pieces
Ø A common type of chemical weather occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid
· On land forests are important carbon sinks
Ø Plants remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis replacing it with oxygen
· A carbon source is something that releases carbon dioxide
Catastrophic events:
· Catastrophic events are also known as large- scale disasters
Ø some of these events were large volcanic eruptions which did not only produce ash and block out the sun but released water vapour and sulphur dioxide
Ø They react together to form sulphuric acid which were carried by winds thousands of km reflecting solar radiation back into space resulting in lower temps in the troposphere
· Volcanic eruption can affect the climate for many years
· Larger Catastrophic events have happened when meteorites and other large pieces of rock have hit the earth from space
· The impacts hurls vaporized rock, dust, debris and gases into the atmosphere causing the atmosphere to cool
December 2, 2009
Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns- insolotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
- eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low
equator : high- albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
- eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high
forest and soils : low- Barometer- used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
- Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout
* Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of airDECEMBER 1ST, 2009
Unit 4
Chapter 10.2 Notes
· Life depends on the atmosphere
· Solar radiation transfer heat from the sun to Earth
· Conduction and infrared radiation heats the atmosphere
· Atmosphere pressure, air temperature, and humidity vary throughout the atmosphere
· Weather is the conditions of an atmosphere at a specific time and place
· Only one planet discovered has water in all three states and support life, Earth
The Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere:
· Composition of a rock indicates earth once had different atmosphere – composed from volcanic gases - no oxygen gas.
· Where oxygen gas come from? - oxygen gas appeared when sunlight broke apart water molecules in the atmosphere.
· The next stage of oxygen production came much later with photosynthesis organisms. – used sunlight and carbon to produce sugar releasing oxygen in the process therefore keeping Carbon dioxide and Oxygen gas in balance.
· Air is the combination of gases in lower atmosphere near Earth’s surface
· Air made up of nitrogen (78%) oxygen(21%) and very small amounts (1%) of other gases such as methane
· Composition of the atmosphere remains fairly constant to 80km above sea level
The Layers of the Atmosphere:
· Made up of five layers which differ in altitude, chemical composition, temperature, and density- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere
Troposphere:
· Lowest layer
· 18km- 16km thick
· Mass of atmosphere on top compresses it’s gas molecules making it the most dense layer
· Almost all water vapour is found here which causes weather
· Radiation from the sun affects the air
· 15km above sea level, 15 degrees at the bottom and -55 degrees at top
· Pollen, pollutants and ash affect composition.
Stratosphere:
· Second lowest layer
· Has dry air with few clouds
· 15km to 50km above sea level, -55 degrees at bottom to 0 degrees at top
· Contains strong winds
· Acts as a barrier to help contain moisture and block out harmful radiation from the sun
· Made up of ozone layer- the layer that absorbs much UV lights from the sun.
Mesosphere:
· 50 km to 80 km above sea level, 0 to 100 degrees
· Everyday millions of small pieces of dust, meteors crash through the mesosphere colliding with particles – thermal energy produced and space debris burns creating shooting stars
Thermosphere
· 80 to 500 km above sea level, 1500- 3000 degrees
· When charged particles of magnetic field collide with Thermosphere particles bright glow can be seen
Exosphere:
· Upper most layer
· 700 km above sea level
· 3000 degrees and up
Radiation and Conduction in Atmosphere:
· Almost all energy comes from the sun
· Solar radiation transfers energy when absorbed
· Insulation is the amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (measured in watts)
· A regions location affects how much insulation it gets- higher latitude the less
· Angle of incidence is the angle between a ray reaching a surface and a line perpendicular to the surface
· Higher angle of incidence= the sun’s rays is much greater
· Convection transfers thermal energy throughout the atmosphere
· Conduction transfers heat- ground transfer heat to particles in the air , then air collides with particles in lower atmosphere increasing temperature
The Radiation Budget
· Keeps incoming and outgoing energy in balance
· Solar radiation incoming
Ø 15% reflected by clouds
Ø 7% by dust
Ø 20% absorbed by clouds
Ø 58% reaches the earth’s surface
Ø 9% reflected back into space from surface of Earth
· Number of sources emit the radiation back through evaporation and water (23%), conduction and convection (7%) and infrared radiation ( 19%)
Albedo:
· Describes the amount of radiation reflected by a surface
November 26th, 2009
Unit 4
Chapter 10 Definitions and Notes
Kinetic Molecular theory – it explains that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules).
· They move in random directions.
Kinetic energy- is the energy of a particle or object due to its motion.
· When particles collide kinetic energy is transferred between them, much as a bowling ball transfers energy when hits pins.
Temperature- is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in the sample of matter.
· When average kinetic energy increases so does the temperature of state (solid, liquid or gas) of the object.
· For example particles in a cold glass move slower than particles in a hot glass of water.
· Something such as hot chocolate feels hotter because the average kinetic energy is higher than that of your hand.
Ø Temperature Scales:
· There are three different types of temp scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.
Thermal Energy – is the total energy of all the particles in solid, liquid or gas.
· More kinetic energy the object has the more thermal it is.
· Is affected by surface area of objects. Ex: smaller bowl of soup = less thermal energy compared to a bigger bowl = more thermal energy.
Potential Energy- is the stored energy of an object or particle due to position of state.
· For example the gravitational attraction between earth and a textbook.
· Potential energy increases as the molecules move further apart.
Heat – is the amount of thermal energy that transfers from an area or object of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature.
· Example: imagine the heat used to cook an egg. Heat flows from the frying pan to the egg increasing the eggs thermal energy, meaning the temperature increases as well. Then the egg heats up and cooks.
· There are three ways heat can be transferred- conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction- is the transfer of heat from one substance to another or within a solid by direct connect of particles.
· Conduction transfers heat from matter of high temperature to an object of lower temperature or kinetic energy.
· Most objects transfer heat but at diff rates.
· Conductors such as aluminum are good thermal conductors (material that transfer heat easily) and an insulator such as Styrofoam does not conduct heat as easily.
Convection- is the transfer of heat within a fluid (substance in which particles can move freely).
· Transfers heat and matter
· Lava lamp happens because of convection
· Convection happens when the particles in a fluid move further apart then the fluid expands causing its density to decrease.
· Convection current is the continuous cycle of heating, cooling, and reheating. It is also the movement of fluid caused by density differences.
Radiation – is high energy rays and particles emitted by radioactive sources.
· How does heat transfer from space to earth? By electromagnetic radiation.
· Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy by waves travelling outward in all directions from a source.
· Radiant energy is the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation.
· The only visible electromagnetic radiation is visible lights.
· Infrared radiation also known as heat radiation.
· Solar radiation is made of visible light as well as infrared and other types of radiation.
· Any material with a temp of greater then absolute zero gives off radiation.